4/30/2023 0 Comments Btv pro full sample packCitation2015 Grewar Citation2016 Gethmann et al. Citation2008 Rushton and Lyons Citation2015 Pinior, Brugger, et al. Indirect losses are due to trade restrictions imposed on ruminant animal movement, their germplasm and animal products, and expenditure for vaccination, diagnosis, vector control and treatment of clinically pretentious animals (MacLachlan and Osburn Citation2006 Gunn et al. BTV infection causes severe direct economic losses due to high morbidity, mortality, stillbirths, abortions, foetal abnormalities, less birth weight in young ones, reduced milk yield and fertility rate, weight loss, early culling as well as meat and fleece losses. Citation2008 OIE Citation2008 Rushton and Lyons Citation2015). Due to its economic impact, BT is a World Organisation for Animal Health (OIE) listed multispecies disease (MacLachlan and Osburn Citation2006 Gunn et al. The BTV genome encodes 7 structural (VP1-VP7) and 5 non-structural (NS1-NS5) proteins (Mertens and Diprose Citation2004 Ratinier et al. Citation2011 Patel and Roy Citation2014). BTV is a non-enveloped virus with 10 distinct segmented double stranded RNA (dsRNA) genome surrounded by a triple layered icosahedral capsid (Grimes et al. Citation1989 Patel and Roy Citation2014 Ranjan et al. This review is the first to summarise the seroprevalence of BTV in India for 40 years, economic impact and pathobiology.īluetongue (BT) is an infectious, non-contagious and arthropod transmitted viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants, caused by BT virus (BTV) that belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae (Mertens et al. Recombinant vaccines with DIVA strategies are urgently needed to combat this disease. A pentavalent inactivated, adjuvanted vaccine is administered currently in India to control BT. Major hindrances with control of BT in India are the presence of multiple BTV serotypes, high density of ruminant and vector populations. Control measures include mass vaccination (most effective method), serological and entomological surveillance, forming restriction zones and sentinel programs. Reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction, agar gel immunodiffusion assay and competitive enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay are found to be sensitive and OIE recommended tests for diagnosis of BTV for international trade. Diagnosis of BT is more important for control of disease and to ensure BTV-free trade of animals and their products. However, emergence of BTV-8 in Europe during 2006, confirmed TPT of wild-type/field strains of BTV. Transplacental transmission (TPT) and fetal abnormalities in ruminants had been reported with cell culture adopted live-attenuated vaccine strains of BTV. To date, 28 serotypes of BTV have been reported worldwide and 23 serotypes have been reported from India. BT is a World Organization for Animal Health (OIE) listed multispecies disease and causes great socio-economic losses. BTV is transmitted by Culicoides midges and causes clinical disease in sheep, white-tailed deer, pronghorn antelope, bighorn sheep, and subclinical manifestation in cattle, goats and camelids. BT is caused by BT virus (BTV) and it belongs to the genus Orbivirus and family Reoviridae. Bluetongue (BT) is an economically important, non-contagious viral disease of domestic and wild ruminants.
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